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In the centuries since the enlightenment, the world has seen an increase in socioeconomic development, measured as increased life expectancy, education, economic development and democracy. While the co-occurrence of these features among nations is well documented, little is known about their origins or co-evolution. Here, we compare this growth of prosperity in nations to the historical record of cultural values in the twentieth century, derived from global survey data. We find that two cultural factors, secular-rationality and cosmopolitanism, predict future increases in GDP per capita, democratization and secondary education enrollment. The converse is not true, however, which indicates that secular-rationality and cosmopolitanism are among the preconditions for socioeconomic development to emerge.

In the centuries since the enlightenment, the world has seen an increase in socioeconomic development, measured as increased life expectancy, education, economic development and democracy. While the co-occurrence of these features among nations is well documented, little is known about their origins or co-evolution. Here, we compare this growth of prosperity in nations to the historical record of cultural values in the twentieth century, derived from global survey data. We find that two cultural factors, secular-rationality and cosmopolitanism, predict future increases in GDP per capita, democratization and secondary education enrollment. The converse is not true, however, which indicates that secular-rationality and cosmopolitanism are among the preconditions for socioeconomic development to emerge.

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Preface, Prefacio, Préface -- Executive Summary, Résumen, Résumé -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 1 Tunisia's Socioeconomic Development: Progress Achieved and Challenges Ahead -- Background -- Poverty and Social Conditions -- Debt Burden and External Assistance -- Meeting the Challenges of Globalization -- 2 World Bank Assistance Program -- World Bank Assistance Strategies -- Economic and Sector Work -- Lending -- 3 The Development Impact of World Bank Assistance -- Macroeconomic Stabilization, Growth, and Structural Reforms -- Human Development and Progress toward MDGs -- Poverty Alleviation and Rural Development -- Outcome, Sustainability, and Institutional Development -- 4 Contributors' Performance -- Tunisia's Own Central Role -- The World Bank's Performance -- Other Development Partners -- Exogenous Factors -- 5 Recommendations -- Annexes -- A: Statistical Annexes -- B: List of People Met on Mission in Tunisia (and World Bank and IMF Staff Interviewed) -- C: Guide to OED's Country Assistance Evaluation Methodology -- D: Management Action Record -- Attachments -- 1: Islamic Development Bank-Tunisia Country Assistance Evaluation -- 2: Report from the Committee on Development Effectiveness (CODE) -- Endnotes -- References -- Boxes -- 1.1 Mise à niveau Program (Enterprise Restructuring and Upgrading) -- 2.1 World Bank Strategies -- 3.1 Tunisia's Progress in Meeting the Millennium Development Goals -- Tables -- 1.1 Tunisia's Export Diversification, 1980-01 -- 1.2 Main Macroeconomic Indicators -- 1.3 Poverty and Inequality Trends in Tunisia, 1990-2000 -- 1.4 Selected Human Development Indicators in Tunisia and Comparator Countries -- 1.5 Tunisia: Net Receipts of External Financial Resources, 1990-01 -- 2.1 Distribution of World Bank Commitments by Sector (FY90-03).

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